ScientificIrfan

          Atmospheric Electricity: The earth's surface has a surface charge density of about 1nCm^-2.There is a corresponding electric field of about 100V/m in the atmosphere above the earth's surface (in the downward direction).So,the electric potential increases by about 100V as one move up by 1m.But the magnitude of the electric field gradually decreases as one move up. At about 50km above the earth's surface,the field is negligible.Thus, the potential difference between the earth's surface and the top of the atmosphere is about 400kV.  The atmosphere contains a large number of positive and negative ions. Their main sources are cosmic rays which come from the solar system and the interstellar bodies like stars and galaxies. The cosmic rays contains lots of protons,neutrons, electrons, neutrino and other particles and radiation as well. Dust particles also become charged due to friction when they move through the air. Because of the electric field in the a

Brownian Motion:  The  nature is full of beauty and elegance. From your daily life experiences, you are perhaps most familiar with 'motion'. The motion of your bicycle 🚲, the motion of the earth 🌎, the Sun,stars, galaxies, vehicles, aeroplane,etc. is the eternal part of nature that makes the universe exist. Everything is eternally in motion. A basic question that may arise in your mind is that what constitutes this eternal movement of these stuff in nature around us? That's what I have been fascinated to write this article!      Brownian Motion: In 19th century,there were enough experimental data to validate the kinetic theory of gases but the existence of atoms or molecules were still a mystery for physicists because there were no any direct experimental evidence for them. Most physicists thought that the molecules are alive and hence they have ability to move and perform various movements.But this idea had no any experimental support. In 1827,a botanist name

            Science General Knowledge 1. Does friction oppose motion? Ans: Friction only opposes relative motion. 2.Does earth move around the sun in circular orbit? Ans: Earth orbits around the sun in an elliptical orbit. 3. What is the most important part of the heart❤️?  Ans: Pacemaker. 4. When did Big Bang occur? Ans: About 13.8 billion years ago. 5. What happens in cancer? Ans: Cancer leads to uncontrolled growth of cells. 6. For what discovery was Einstein awarded the Nobel prize? Ans: Photoelectric effect  7. What are four types of waves? Ans: Matter wave, mechanical wave, electromagnetic wave and gravitational wave 8. Write seven em waves in order decreasing wavelengths. Ans: Radio wave, Microwave, infrared wave, visible light, ultraviolet wave, x-ray, gamma ray. 9. On what fact does the electron microscope depend on? Ans: Wave nature of electron. 10. What is the energy of a single photon? Ans: It is given by E=hf          where f is the frequency of the photon. 11. How man

The Discovery of Neutron: If the energetic alpha-particles emitted from Polonium fell on the light elements like berrylium,boron or lithium,a neutral radiation( radiation made of uncharged particles) was produced. Scientists thought that this new radiation could be gamma radiation but it was more powerfully penetrating than all known gamma radiations. When this radiation was passed through paraffin wax it ejected protons of very high energy (~5MeV). This observation was not in itself inconsistent with the assumed gramma ray nature of the new radiation but that interpretation of Compton scattering had a logical problem. From the energy and momentum conservation ,a gamma radiation would have to have impossibly very high energy to scatter high energy massive protons. Ettor Majorana declared that the manner in which the radiation interacted with protons required to be a new neutral particle. After hearing about these results, Chadwick performed a series of experiments showing that the gamm

English has become the most recommended secondary language and is now the international language as well. It is the English which has transformed almost entire world into a new communicating and speaking environment. Without having knowledge of English and hoping to get a job or living abroad is like hoping to get diamond with a penny. So,here i am discussing some of the best and perhaps the most effective way to discern the secret of learning (rather speaking) english:😊 1. Even when you are alone, try to speak and most importantly try to think in english too. "The key to speaking english is to think in english first". For example,if you are at home your home and if no one is there around you,then whatever comes in your mind like thinking about playing with friends, try to think it in english. 2. Each time you happen to make a mistake, you should definitely improve by using internet,books or something else. Sometimes you may not notice your own mistakes because you maybe ign

      History on gravity: -> Galileo discovered that all objects, irrespective of their masses,fall towards the earth 🌎 with the same acceleration. -> One of the earliest recorded model for the planetary motion proposed by Ptolemy  about 2000 years ago was a " geocentric model" in which all celestial bodies revolved around the earth 🌍. -> In 5th A.D. Aryabhatta proposed a " Heliocentric model" in which the sun was supposed to be the centre around which all the planets were revolving. The similar model in a more definitive way was proposed by Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) -> It was around the same time as Galileo,Tycho Brahe(1546-1601) spent his entire life recording observations of the planets with the naked eyes.His complicated data were further analysed by his assistant ' Johannes Kepler ' (1571-1640) -> The English scientist' Henry Cavendish ' determined the value of ' G' in 1798. The calculation that he made

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